Decoding THC: The Surprising Risks for the Developing Brain Beyond the Benefits

 As cannabis, or "weed" colloquially, becomes legalized and vaping gains popularity, more young people are turning to cannabis for its perceived calming effects. While THC, the active compound in cannabis, offers therapeutic benefits for chronic pain, PTSD, and appetite stimulation in terminally ill patients when used moderately, its widespread legalization has raised concerns, especially among adolescents whose brains are still developing.

Tobacco is known to cause cancer and chronic lung disease, but cannabis is often seen as a safer alternative, particularly among teens. However, early data suggests a darker side: adolescents using cannabis frequently are at increased risk not only of temporary psychosis but also potentially developing schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia is a mental illness characterized by false beliefs (delusions) and seeing or hearing things that others don't (hallucinations) for at least a month at a time. These symptoms are accompanied by long-term issues (> 6 months) like disorganized speech, bizarre behavior, lack of motivation or difficulty expressing emotions or adding to conversations.

Research shows a significant link between chronic cannabis use, particularly starting in adolescence, and the later development of schizophrenia. Studies indicate that cannabis users have a two- to threefold increased prevalence of schizophrenia compared to non-users. This risk is heightened with early onset of cannabis use, high THC content, and frequent use.

For instance, a Danish study involving over seven million individuals found that those with cannabis use disorder were four times more likely to develop schizophrenia than those without. Another systematic review highlighted that 34% of individuals with cannabis-induced psychosis transitioned to schizophrenia. Shockingly, a Danish registry study reported that 41% of individuals with cannabis-induced psychosis were diagnosed with schizophrenia within 20 years.

Chronic (long term) marijuana use is best left for use when prescribed by a medical provider and dosed accordingly. At any age, balance is crucial. While the brain is generally considered fully developed around 25 (although some recent studies show potential continued development up to 35 years old), protecting cognitive function and mood remains vital throughout life.

The legal age to use or possess marijuana in the state of Minnesota is 21 years and older. Adolescents should avoid non-prescribed depressants and stimulants, including cannabis, as their brains are forming crucial neuronal connections. The long-term effects of altering these processes are not yet fully understood, but the initial data suggests avoiding chemical alteration that is not prescribed by a medical professional is best.

By understanding these risks and promoting responsible cannabis use, especially among adolescents, we can safeguard both current and future mental health.